Unlike modern Chinese names, the nobles of ancient China had two distinct surnames: the ancestral name ( 姓) comprised a larger group descended from a prominent ancestor, usually said to have lived during the time of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors of Chinese legend, and the clan name ( 氏) comprised a smaller group that showed a branch's current fief or recent title. In ancient China however the naming convention differed, and Zhao ( 趙), the place where he was born and raised, may be used as the surname. Modern Chinese sources often give the personal name of Qin Shi Huang as Ying Zheng, with Ying ( 嬴) taken as the surname and Zheng ( 政) the given name. He ruled until his death in 210 BC during his fourth tour of Eastern China. His public works projects included the unification of diverse state walls into a single Great Wall of China and a massive new national road system, as well as the city-sized mausoleum guarded by the life-sized Terracotta Army. He is traditionally said to have banned and burned many books and executed scholars. Qin Shi Huang also worked with his minister Li Si to enact major economic and political reforms aimed at the standardization of the diverse practices of the earlier Chinese states. His self-invented title "emperor" ( 皇帝 huángdì) would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia.ĭuring his reign, his generals greatly expanded the size of the Chinese state: campaigns south of Chu permanently added the Yue lands of Hunan and Guangdong to the Chinese cultural orbit campaigns in Central Asia conquered the Ordos Loop from the nomad Xiongnu, although eventually it would also lead to their confederation under Modu Chanyu. Rather than maintain the title of " king" ( 王 wáng) borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor ( 始皇帝) of the Qin dynasty from 221 BC to 210 BC. He became China's first emperor when he was 38 after the Qin had conquered all of the other Warring States and unified all of China in 221 BC. From 247 to 221 BC he was Zheng, King of Qin ( 秦王政, Qín Wáng Zhèng, personal name 嬴政 Yíng Zhèng or 趙政 Zhào Zhèng).
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